Pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL), Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) dan Net Interest Margin (NIM) terhadap Profitabilitas pada Perusahaan Perbankan Konvensional Yang Terdaftar di BEI Periode 2020-2024

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effect of Non Performing Loan (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Net Interest Margin (NIM) on the profitability of conventional banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2024 period, a period in which bank profitability fluctuated after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study employs a quantitative approach using panel data regression analysis. The population consists of 51 conventional banks listed on the IDX, from which a sample of 21 banks was selected using a purposive sampling technique, resulting in 105 firm-year observations. The Random Effect Model (REM) was selected as the most appropriate estimation model based on the Chow and Hausman tests. The simultaneous test (F-test) shows that NPL, LDR, and NIM jointly have a significant relationship with profitability as measured by Return on Assets (ROA) (F-statistic = 11.964; p < 0.001). The partial test (t-test) results indicate that NPL has a significant negative effect on ROA (p < 0.001), NIM has a significant positive effect on ROA (p = 0.002), while LDR has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on ROA (p = 0.493). A robustness check shows that the effect of NIM remains significant, whereas the effect of NPL is not significant when robust standard errors clustered by bank are used. The Weighted Adjusted R-Square of 0.2403 indicates that the three independent variables explain 24.03% of the variation in profitability, while the remaining 75.97% is explained by other factors outside the model.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), dan Net Interest Margin (NIM) terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan perbankan konvensional yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2020–2024, ketika profitabilitas bank berfluktuasi pascapandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode analisis regresi data panel. Populasi penelitian berjumlah 51 bank konvensional yang terdaftar di BEI, dengan sampel sebanyak 21 bank yang diperoleh melalui teknik purposive sampling, sehingga diperoleh 105 observasi selama periode 2020–2024. Model estimasi yang terpilih adalah Random Effect Model (REM) berdasarkan hasil Uji Chow dan Uji Hausman. Hasil uji simultan (Uji F) menunjukkan bahwa NPL, LDR, dan NIM secara bersama-sama memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan profitabilitas (ROA) (F-statistic = 11,964; p < 0,001). Hasil uji parsial (Uji t) menunjukkan bahwa NPL berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap ROA (p < 0,001), NIM berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ROA (p = 0,002), sedangkan LDR berpengaruh negatif namun tidak signifikan terhadap ROA (p = 0,493). Uji ketahanan menunjukkan pengaruh NIM tetap signifikan, sedangkan pengaruh NPL tidak signifikan apabila digunakan robust standard errors dengan cluster per bank. Nilai Weighted Adjusted R-Square sebesar 0,2403 menunjukkan bahwa ketiga variabel independen menjelaskan 24,03% variasi profitabilitas, sedangkan sisanya 75,97% dijelaskan oleh faktor lain di luar model penelitian ini.